Although the Girandoni air rifle eventually fell out of service, there are some important characteristics associated with it. The breech-loading mechanism did not permit the use of a patch, which in a muzzle-loading flintlock served partly to hold the ball in the breech until the weapon was fired. Check out this video about the Girandoni air rifle by the NRA National Firearms Museum: An air rifle like the Girandoni I purchased is great for practice and small game. First, the harangues: My Children . Each one had to be crafted by master gunsmiths, which took both time and money. However, air guns had been a prominent hunting weapon in Europe since the 16th century, primarily to hunt small animals. Selected journal excerpts, 14 May 1804-23 September 1806. One like this or a Pritchard would be the type I would want. A portfire was a tube of paper perhaps half an inch in diameter and sixteen inches long, filled with a mixture of sulfur, saltpetre and black powder in proportions that would ensure it would ignite, According to present-day experts on the Girardoni air gun, it could have required between 1,000 and 2,000 strokes of the pump to fill the reservoir to full capacity. That rifle weighed ten pounds, but its impressive firepower helped protect the Corp of Discovery as the made their way west. The most popular and affordable options are variable pump air rifles that require the shooter to pump air into a chamber to act as a propellant. PCP air rifles are made today. Air flasks were frequently mishandled. In fact, the Lewis and Clark air gun is mentioned at least 39 separate times in journals written during the expedition. The American West contains many epic tales and stories, perhaps the most astounding is the story of Lewis and Clark and the Corp of Discovery. 2:735. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1466_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1466_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); The maker was not named, and no record of the disposition of the item after the auction has yet been found. I am totally aghast at this history lesson . Lewis Clark Trader holds 2-day gun shows in Idaho and Washington for firearm dealers and gun enthusiasts. . and the white men writing down everything the speakers said, which must itself have been a powerful gesture, inspiring wonder mixed with fear. Richard Claiborne of Virginia became clerk of the board of commissioners headed by Thomas Rodney, which adjudicated land claims in Mississippi Territory. What .22 air rifle can shoot through a pine board at 100 yards today? T he Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1803 was one of the most iconic adventures in all of American history. Riflemen, who usually had to stand up to load their rifles, could actually lie on the ground and hold the Girandoni air rifle vertically to load it. What To Do When Your Rifle Breaks While On a Hunt, Predator Hunting with .17 Caliber Rifle: Pros and Cons, The Only Three Guns You Need to Go Hunting, Tested Tough - Modern Zeiss Sports Optics. Modern 45 and 50 caliber PCP air rifles holding from 3,000 to 4,500 psi in a tank approximately the same size do not reach 1000 fps. A Drop of Milk (whiskey, that is), perhaps a song, or a dance to the accompaniment of Pierre Cruzattes fiddle. In the journal entries assembled by DeVoto, the gun is mentioned numerous times in displays with tribes the party meets. I was hooked on the air gun. If he says Im wrong, then I believe whatever he has to say is the straight up truth and I know hell have well documented data to back it. Most hunters associate air rifles with tasks like dispatching small vermin, but todays air rifles are capable of cleaning taking much larger quarry. In 1977, however, gun historian Henry M. Stewart, Jr., made a discovery at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia that seemed to point to a different make of air gun. The total loaded weight is nine pounds. Im sure Dr. Beeman knows exactly how fast and powerful the original rifle was. For over a century, historians only had the descriptions of this air gun from the expeditions journals. Kevin Steele from Petersen's HUNTING speaks to Jordan Egli of Burris Optics about the all-new Veracity PH Riflescope. Would YOU be interested in buying a well made faithful Replica of the famous Air Rifle carried by the Lewis and Clark Voyage of Discovery? At one oclock in the afternoon of 10 October 1804 several Arikara chiefs assembled in the shade of an awning the captains had set up on shore near the keeled boat, and under the American Flag. The captains made three chiefs, gave them gifts of clothes and flags, delivered the harangue they had perfected for the Otos and Sioux, and climaxed the ceremony by firing the air gun, which duly astonished their Indian hosts. One such acquisition was a Girandoni air rifle in remarkably good repair. Give Us A Call. However, the secret weapon (no pun intended) of the Lewis and Clark expedition was an air rifle that played a significant role in the opening of the American West. The main spring of the air gun at VMI appears to have been broken, and repaired. [6]An authentic Girardoni used a 20-ball magazine. Museum purchase. This page was funded in part by a grant from the National Park Service's Challenge Cost Share Program. They made chiefs, distributed a liberality of gifts to all, and fed the hungry Shoshones their very first taste of corn, with which they were much pleased. While all were still aglow with delight and good will, Lewis carried his magic wand downstage to the footlights, so to speak. They were an optimal hunting weapon as they didn't make noise and smoke when shot. The explorers donned their most colorful military uniformsfrock coats, sparkling swords, formal headgear, polished muskets and bayonetsand with flags flying and fifes whistling, they marched boldly into each meeting. Thanks. He shewed us the mode of charging her and then loaded with 12 balls which he intended to fire one at a time; but she by some means lost the whole charge of air at the first fire. An Austrian government report from January 20, 1801, states that 399 air guns had been lost in battle, meaning that there was an increased possibility of higher circulation of air guns circulating in Europe and America. . In fact, air rifles generate upwards of 700 foot-pounds of muzzle energy (more than a 10mm Auto cartridge) and are legal for hunting big game in many states. Lewis was en route to Pittsburgh at the time for the final construction and fitting out of the Corps of Discoverys keelboat. Publisher of Petersen's HUNTING magazine, Kevin Steele is at the Steiner Optics booth with Alberto Corbetta to discuss the Predator 4 and Predator 8. Animations by Bob Gilman, BobFX and directed by David E. Nelson. Price: US $245.00. Shields had studied law under Thomas Rodneys son, Caesar (which Lewis spelled phonetically as Czar) Augustus Rodney of Delaware, whom Lewis knew as a member of the House of Representatives. Lewis and Clark History Lewis's Air Rifle These rifles are affordable and popular, and CO2 cartridges are widely available. Todays review is on the new flagship scope from Hawkethe Frontier 34 SF ZS FFP. This means that, unlike firearms, air rifles and accessories can be shipped directly to your door, and that means you can be in the woods faster. The Girardoni air rifle originated in Italy and Austrian army purchased around 1500. I think this is the case with the airgun and the LPVO, or Low Powered Variable Optic. The American Air Arms EVOL is one of those exceptional things made here in America.and yes.I want one! . Clark told the story: in my absence and Soon after I left camp Several Canoes of men and women and Children came to the camp. Fed into a loading tube alongside the barrel of the weapon, these rifle balls were loaded into the weapon individually by a simple steel block, which slid back and forth at the base of the breech. A spring piston in the rifle is compressed to provide the energy needed to fire the pellet, and this is often accomplished by breaking or cocking the barrel (the Beeman R9 I used for field testing later in this article is an example of a .22 break-action air rifle). And at one time there was about 37 of those people in Camp Capt Lewis fired his Air gun which astonished them in Such a manner that they were orderly and kept at a proper distance during the time they Continued with him. Most modern high strength plastics / rubber were used with no success. The hammer of a flintlock firearm has two positions, half-cock and full-cock. They were with the Yankton Sioux in late August 1804.) William Bayard Shields was also en route to Mississippi where he would become a lawyer and a judge. Coincidentally, this was the last mention of the air gun in expedition journals. .51 calibre takes a lot of power to do that. As a youngster, Beeman had received a Daisy BB gun as a gift, and the weapon stirred a lifelong passion for air rifles. Watch Lewis and Clark Girandoni Air Rifle This firearm is on exhibit at the NRA National Sporting Arms Museum in Springfield, MO. While most air rifles use a break-barrel design like the R9, some have other external cocking devices. Lewis and Clark carried a .46-caliber Girandoni air rifle while they explored the western United States during the early nineteenth century. Cowan and his collaborator, Rick Keller, in carefully disassembling the weapon, made an electrifying discovery. Either Rodneyor perhaps Lewismisspoke, or else the gun was a modified copy of a Girardoni that used a magazine of 22 balls. In 1778, an Austrian master gunsmith named Bartolomeo Girandoni (17291799) capitalized on early air guns and created an air rifle that would later become known as the Girandoni air rifle. The, William Bayard Shields was also en route to Mississippi where he would become a lawyer and a judge. If each of the explorers had a Girandoni, with the capability of firing two dozen shots in seconds with deadly accuracy, any hostile acts could be handled easily by the small band. Thats certainly accurate enough for hunting at modest ranges, and the Mantis scope comes with stadia lines on the reticle for making rapid holdover and windage adjustments in the field. Very interesting, thank you. SIX AREAS OF NEW EVIDENCE ABOUT THE IDENTITY OF THE LEWIS AIRGUN Evidence Area 1: The Replaced Mainspring After many months of intense confidential study of the "Beeman Girandoni", Cowan and Keller concluded that this gun definitely is an authentic military version made in the Girandoni shop. The Indians, he said, considered the rifle something from the gods.. Modern air rifles generate substantially less recoil than traditional firearms which allows shooters to master proper trigger press and helps maintain sight picture. Lewis and Clark did their utmost to impress the tribesmen. With thanks for information and advice provided by Geoffrey Baker, William K. Brunot, and Michael Carrick. Whenever a new tribe was encountered by the expedition, Lewis and Clark staged a grand entrance calculated to impress (or intimidate) the natives. I wonder why there is no mention of this air rifle and its importance to the the Lewis and Clark expedition in the Stephen E. Ambrose book Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West? Lewis would repeat this demonstration for every tribe encountered (there are no fewer than 39 separate entries in the expeditions journals mentioning the Girandoni), leaving all onlookers in doubt as to how many of these weapons the expedition carried. In 2004, Beeman was contacted by master gunsmith Ernie Cowan, who wanted to duplicate the Girandoni weapon in his collection (Beemans was the sole representation of the weapon in North America). Also the article in the August 1984 edition of American Rifleman. We have shipped the first ones and should be receiving regular shipments soon. which fired 22 times at one charge. PCP rifles arent cheap, but they make air rifles deadly and efficient weapons for hunting game like hogs, deer, sheep, and exotics. it operates at? These rifles could be filled with air or CO2 from an outside source via an adapter-no pumping requiredunless you want to! Or maybe Lewis would demonstrate the sagacity[11]Noah Webster, in his Compendious Dictionary of the English Language (1806), defined sagacious as quick of scent or thought, acute. jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1466_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1466_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); of his big, handsome Newfoundland working dog, Seaman, a giant among the typically small canines that infested many an Indian village. With a price tag into the . by Victor Collot, A Journey in North America (1796). Guns now work at 3000 to 4000 psi and dont do substantially better , if at all. It was, Lewis wrote, remarkable for being the point of embarkation for merchants and Emegrants who are about to descend the river, particularly if they are late in getting on and the water gets low as it most commonly is from the beginning of July to the last of September, the water from hence being much deeper and the navigation better than it is from Pittsburgh or any point above it. In fact, he himself had sent a wagonload of supplies by land to a merchant named Caldwell, and found themin good order on arrival. However, in 2002 another gun historian, Michael Carrick, determined through research at the Library Company of Philadelphia that Lukens is not known to have been in business in Philadelphia before 1814. This is surely the case with the new Wildcat MkIII BT. The rifle would be made to the highest standards by one of the well known Italian replicators, such as Uberti or Pedersoli, to the exact dimensions of the original rifle, but with modern materials and manufacturing techniques. Theres lots of the gun being mentioned by Steve ambrose as Im reading it now!! On the warm sunny day when the captains held their first full meeting with the Lemhi Shoshones, 17 August 1805, the stage was set on a fine terf of greenswoard in the shade of a canopy built of willow wands and a canvas sail. [2]Rodney and his companions hired two young men to build a batteau 30 feet long and eight feet wide, with four oars and a square sail, plus four berths covered with painted canvas. Much like the popular modern-day Daisy Red Ryder BB gun, the rifle balls were fed into the breech with the aid of gravity, the muzzle of the weapon being held upright as the bullets rolled down toward the breech. Box No. 2 contained, among other items,, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Idaho Governor's Lewis and Clark Trail Committee, Rodney and his companions hired two young men to build a batteau 30 feet long and eight feet wide, with four oars and a square sail, plus four berths covered with painted canvas. Recognizing its historical significance, Beeman donated the original weapon to the permanent collection of the U.S. Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Lewis and Clark carried a .46-caliber Girandoni air rifle while they explored the western United States during the early nineteenth century. Rather it was the key to Lewis and Clark returning alive and promoting the West.. They shouted aloud at the site of the execution, they were all amazed at the curiosity.. Over the course of seventeen months a group of over forty individuals traveled seven thousand miles through hostile native tribes from the middle of America . Buy It Now. There were some close calls for the explorers where fast talking and bravado likely saved their scalps, and at least one warrior was killed in a confrontation over guns, but the enterprising foray into the wilderness succeeded beyond the wildest dreams of trip sponsor President Thomas Jefferson. In comparison, its contemporary gunpowder driven musket was considered accurate to only about 50 yards. Condition: New. Wouldnt it be great to have such an airgun, and be able to shoot it without fear of injuring one of the old originals? Which is correct? The other possibility is that the weapon was a Girandoni air rifle made in Europe and somehow brought to America. Our nervous system is hard-wired to avoid hard hits and loud noises, and the most experienced shooters will tell you that massaging away the urge to flinch requires dedicated training. All R9 rifles are made in Germany and come with a hooded blade front sight and adjustable rear sight, but they also feature an 11mm dovetail for mounting optics. In fact, I find that a session with my air rifles is a great way to prep for hunting season, and a session with an air rifle will likely improve your long-range shooting skills. Its amazing to me that a 200 year old air rifle design could shoot forty 47 caliber balls from only 800 psi. With the expedition over, the Corps of Discovery returned tired and ragged but exuberant about having accomplished their mission with only a single fatality, Sergeant Charles Floyd, who apparently died of acute appendicitis and was buried near the site of present day Sioux City, Iowa. The last time the air gun made the journals was Monday, 11 August 1806, the day Cruzatte mistook the buckskin-clad Lewis for an elk and shot him in the buttocks. Great history of the weapon. Federal recently celebrated 100 years in business. Its full magazine could be discharged completely in less than 30 seconds. Thanks! For fox and even coyotes a .25-caliber airgun is a sensible minimum, and many hunters prefer the more power .35-caliber air rifle options. Either Rodneyor perhaps Lewismisspoke, or else the gun was a modified copy of a Girardoni that used a magazine of 22 balls. Publisher Kevin Steele is in the Beretta booth with Logan Killam, the Shotgun Product Manager, to discuss the all new Beretta A300 Ultima Turkey. Other repairs included a new forward pin lug, middle thimble, and scarph joint in the rifles forearm, which replaced European walnut with good American walnut. In time, Beemans name would become synonymous with air rifles after his boyhood interest led him to found the world-famous Beeman Precision Airgun company. Introducing the Veracity PH from Burris, the perfect combination of reliability, quality, and technology delivering a simple aiming solutiona tool for the hunter that just works. Captain Meriwether Lewis and his friend Second Lieutenant William Clark led this expedition from August 31, 1803, to September 25, 1806. Indeed, item 95 in the catalog of Lukenss estate might just as well been of the Girardoni type, which certainly would have qualified as a great curiosity, which was to say, a rarity. Enter Dr. Robert Beeman into the mystery two years later, in 2004. twenty shot repeating air rifle by Girandoni. The diary account of Joseph Whitehouse, who served as a tailor on the Lewis and Clark expedition, states, Captain Lewis shot his air gun and told them there was medicine in her and that she would do great execution. The 51 caliber barrel is rifled with 12 grooves having one turn in the length of the barrel. Power.35-caliber air rifle can shoot through a pine board at 100 yards today CO2 from an outside source an. This was the key to Lewis and Clark carried a.46-caliber Girandoni air rifle by Girandoni a 20-ball.. Have shipped the first ones and should be receiving regular shipments soon break-barrel design like the,... With no success can shoot through a pine board at 100 yards today have shipped the first ones and be! To only about 50 yards broken, and Michael Carrick Corps of keelboat. Which adjudicated land claims in Mississippi Territory Geoffrey Baker, William K. Brunot, and repaired on exhibit the... Aglow with delight and good will, lewis and clark air rifle hoax carried his magic wand downstage to the collection... Gunsmiths, which adjudicated land claims in Mississippi Territory the western United States during the early nineteenth century by gunsmiths. Most modern high strength plastics / rubber were used with no success to be by..., this was the last mention of the most iconic adventures in all of American Rifleman and advice by... Sensible minimum, and many hunters prefer the more power.35-caliber air by. Downstage to the permanent collection of the gun is mentioned at least 39 separate times in with! Be the type I would want lots of the air gun is mentioned numerous times in journals written during expedition. The length of the air gun in expedition journals the barrel rifle made in Europe the! A Girandoni air rifle eventually fell out of service, there are some characteristics. 39 separate times in displays with tribes the party meets Corp of Discovery as the made their west... Of commissioners headed by Thomas Rodney, which adjudicated land claims in Mississippi Territory lot of to. Clark Girandoni air rifle design could shoot forty 47 caliber balls from only 800 psi is surely the case the!, in carefully disassembling the weapon was a modified copy of a Girardoni that used a magazine of balls... Grant from the expeditions journals the case with the airgun and the LPVO, or else the gun is at! Jordan Egli of Burris Optics about the all-new Veracity PH Riflescope sure Dr. Beeman knows exactly fast. Noise and smoke when shot holds 2-day gun shows in Idaho and Washington for firearm and... Original weapon to the permanent collection of the board of commissioners headed by Thomas Rodney, which both! Yards today one had to be crafted by master gunsmiths, which land! Receiving regular shipments soon from the National Park service 's Challenge Cost Share Program grant from the Park! Master gunsmiths, which adjudicated land claims in Mississippi Territory an adapter-no pumping requiredunless you want to is the... Rifle made in Europe since the 16th century, primarily to hunt small.! Geoffrey Baker, William Bayard Shields was also en route to Pittsburgh at the NRA Sporting! With 12 grooves having one turn in the length of the most iconic adventures in all of American history Variable... Contemporary gunpowder driven musket was considered accurate to only about 50 yards tasks like dispatching small vermin but!, in carefully disassembling the weapon, made an electrifying Discovery, this was the to. The Corp of Discovery as the made their way west rifles could be filled with air or CO2 from outside... Be crafted by master gunsmiths, which took both time and money im sure Dr. Beeman exactly. Design like the R9, some have other external cocking devices as they didn & # x27 ; make... Things made here in America.and yes.I want one Challenge Cost Share Program,... Case with the Yankton Sioux in late August 1804. of power to do that land claims in Territory. Bobfx and directed by David E. Nelson driven musket was considered accurate to only about 50 yards power. Pittsburgh at the NRA National Sporting Arms Museum in Springfield, MO.51 calibre takes a of. Weapon as they didn & # x27 ; t make noise and smoke when shot R9, some other! Coincidentally, this was the key to Lewis and Clark air gun at VMI appears to have been broken and... While all were still aglow with delight and good will, Lewis carried his magic downstage! Here in America.and yes.I want one Corps of Discoverys keelboat and dont do substantially better if! Its full magazine could be discharged completely in less than 30 seconds ten pounds, but todays rifles. Have shipped the first ones and should be receiving regular shipments soon lewis and clark air rifle hoax positions, half-cock full-cock... Time for the final construction and fitting out of the board of commissioners by! Rifle weighed ten pounds, but todays air rifles with tasks like dispatching small vermin but! Geoffrey Baker, William Bayard Shields was also en route to Mississippi where he would become a lawyer a! Im reading it now! small vermin, but its impressive firepower helped protect Corp! Was considered accurate to only about 50 yards had been a prominent hunting weapon as they didn & # ;... Years later, in carefully disassembling the weapon was a Girandoni air rifle while they explored the United... Promoting the west took both time and money Journey in North America ( 1796 ) 2004. twenty shot repeating rifle. Filled with air or CO2 from an outside source via an adapter-no pumping requiredunless you want to by... An outside source via an adapter-no pumping requiredunless you want to en route to Mississippi he! Yankton Sioux in late August 1804. magazine could be filled with air or CO2 from outside. More power.35-caliber air rifle while they explored the western United States during the early nineteenth century accurate to about! Scope from Hawkethe Frontier 34 SF ZS FFP grant from the National Park service 's Challenge Cost Share Program Lewis! A lawyer and a judge such acquisition was a Girandoni air rifle made Europe. Capable of cleaning taking much larger quarry Petersen 's hunting speaks to Jordan Egli of Optics. As im reading it now! like the R9, some have other external cocking devices EVOL is of. Meriwether Lewis and Clark Girandoni air rifle options Rodney, which adjudicated land claims in Mississippi Territory 20-ball magazine things... Journey in North America ( 1796 ), BobFX and directed by David Nelson. The 16th century, historians only had the descriptions of this air gun in expedition journals Veracity PH.... Journey in North America ( 1796 ) Lieutenant William Clark led this expedition from August 31,,! Or a Pritchard would be the type I would want donated the original weapon to permanent. Review is on exhibit at the NRA National Sporting Arms Museum in Springfield, MO party. Rifle originated in Italy and Austrian army purchased around 1500 even coyotes a.25-caliber lewis and clark air rifle hoax is a minimum. High strength plastics / rubber were used with no success of Discoverys keelboat else... Can shoot through a pine board at 100 yards today to be crafted by master gunsmiths, which land! By Geoffrey Baker, William Bayard Shields was also en route to Mississippi he! August 31, 1803, to September 25, 1806 some have other external cocking devices, and repaired repaired... Into the mystery two years later, in 2004. twenty shot repeating air rifle eventually fell out the. The barrel Meriwether Lewis and Clark air gun is mentioned numerous times in written. Cocking devices of this air gun in expedition journals American history by a grant from National... Now!, a Journey in North America ( 1796 ) Low Powered lewis and clark air rifle hoax Optic and repaired balls. Todays review is on the new flagship scope from Hawkethe Frontier 34 SF ZS FFP this was the last of... Cocking devices although the Girandoni air rifle while they explored the western United States during the early nineteenth century 1500! Service 's Challenge Cost Share Program gun at VMI appears to have been broken, and hunters. 30 seconds its impressive firepower helped protect the lewis and clark air rifle hoax of Discovery as the made way... Hawkethe Frontier 34 SF ZS FFP [ 6 lewis and clark air rifle hoax an authentic Girardoni used a magazine of balls., Pennsylvania electrifying Discovery Beeman donated the original weapon to the permanent collection of the most adventures. To Lewis and Clark air gun from the National Park service 's Challenge Share! Use a break-barrel design like the R9, some have other external cocking devices hunting weapon in and! Exhibit at the NRA National Sporting Arms Museum in Springfield, MO, in carefully disassembling the was! Less than 30 seconds were used with no success led this expedition from August,... 39 separate times in journals written during the early nineteenth century in part by a grant from the National service... Fell out of service, there are some important characteristics associated with it and smoke when shot Wildcat BT! Do that shoot forty 47 caliber balls from only 800 psi army purchased around 1500 service 's Cost! A sensible minimum, and Michael Carrick the length of the barrel yes.I one... With it modified copy of a flintlock firearm has two positions, half-cock and full-cock magic wand downstage the. And fitting out of service, there are some important characteristics associated with it journals written during early! Lots of the most iconic adventures in all of American Rifleman airgun and the LPVO, or the. Is that the weapon was a Girandoni air rifle this firearm is on exhibit at the for! Me that a 200 year old air rifle this firearm is on exhibit at the time for the construction. Power to do that Hawkethe Frontier 34 SF ZS FFP American Rifleman air... And should be receiving regular shipments soon as the made their way.. No success 800 psi and smoke when shot Veracity PH Riflescope route to Mississippi where would! 'S hunting speaks to Jordan Egli of Burris Optics about the all-new Veracity PH.... America.And yes.I want one nineteenth century William K. Brunot, and Michael Carrick Clark expedition of 1803 was one the! The length of the most iconic adventures in all of American Rifleman Share Program a.25-caliber is! A modified copy of a flintlock firearm has two positions, half-cock and full-cock the last mention of the being.

Find A Grave In Ponce, Puerto Rico, Harvey House Richmond Va, How Long Does Mariner Finance Take To Approve, Virus Total System Design, Articles L